The holes in most hoops are to accommodate M6 or imperial equivalent. Our new series drums all use M5 stainless steel tension screws. My thinking is, if you can let something as basic as getting your measurements wrong slip through the net, what else are you turning a blind eye to? That said, I have to be careful here. It's unnecessary! I regard lug splay as indicative of general lack of care & attention. Here's what really bugs me about lug splay. The best way of assuring good tuning retention is to have a good depth of thread engaged in the lug, & lugs with inserts rarely have that. Perhaps initially whilst the thread is wearing to accommodate, but thereafter, the reverse is true. As for the argument that splay helps tuning retention, that's not true. Significant splay when applied to tube lugs, can promote premature wear of the threads, especially if the screw is shallow in the lug. In all but the thinnest shell wood drums with solid single point lugs, it has a negligible impact on either sound or shell structure. Lugs with inserts have a degree of give in them that allows the insert to align with the tension screw. It becomes more of an issue on solid lugs. Here's my take: In terms of structural integrity, given the forces involved, it's close to a non issue. you've just baited the Andy fishing hook, & I'm being "reeled in"! "While our results are based on a relatively small sample of females with debilitating injuries, they suggest that the total population-level costs of wire snares in by-catch species may be underestimated and that future studies may want to account for the potential reproductive costs of sublethal snare injuries," the authors conclude.Click to expand.Ok. This long-term decrease in reproductive performance likely resulted from increased inflammatory and immune responses to the snare injury and/or a decreased ability to travel the long distances necessary to feed on migratory herbivores. "Our analysis shows that, even beyond immediate mortalities, indiscriminate snaring may have unintended yet profound effects on hyena populations as females who survive being caught in a wire snare with significant injuries have smaller litters which are less likely to survive," Dr. Last but not least, injured females did produce smaller litters than non-snared females: In the absence of being snared, 56% of the litters were twin litters, whereas among the snared females only 36% of the litters were twins. In the control group from the team's long-term Serengeti data set, 51% of the cubs survived to one year, whereas only 42% of the cubs from females with debilitating snare injuries reached their first birthday. When looking at the effect of snares on the survival of offspring, the percentage of cubs surviving to one year of age was reduced. ![]() They gave birth to their first litter at around 4.5 years, which is a delay of more than eight months compared to non-snared females (3.8 years). A small number of female hyenas suffered from debilitating snare injuries before they had their first litter. "What we did find, on the other hand, is a clear negative effect of these injuries on female reproductive success," adds Kaidatzi. "We found that females with these kinds of snare injuries did not differ from non-snared females in terms of longevity," explains Benhaiem. Incidences classified as debilitating injuries in female spotted hyenas from three closely monitored study clans were investigated in detail. The scientists reported a total of 208 sublethal incidences of 193 hyenas with snares, snare-specific injuries or scars-mostly in the neck region-between 19 in the Serengeti NP. Sarah Benhaiem and Sara Kaidatzi from the Leibniz-IZW Department of Ecological Dynamics. "Using long-term data from individually known female spotted hyenas we assessed the consequences of debilitating snare injuries on four components of their performance: longevity, age at first reproduction, litter size and offspring survival," say first authors Dr. Yet, even when death is not the immediate consequence, the injuries and their effects on the individual's life may be severe. ![]() Some hyenas manage to escape snares by gnawing through the snare's tethering wire. East and Prof Heribert Hofer, senior authors of the study. "This is because the main prey of spotted hyenas are migratory herbivores and hyenas throughout the park regularly travel long distances from their clan territories to forage in areas containing large aggregations of migratory herbivores before returning to their territory," explain Dr. In the center of the Serengeti National Park (NP), the annual risk was estimated at 8%. Although not directly targeted by bushmeat hunters, spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) face a substantial risk of dying in a snare.
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